🎵 Laravel Framework: Panduan Dasar

# Pastikan PHP 8.2+ dan Composer sudah terinstal
php --version        # PHP 8.2.x atau lebih baru
composer --version   # Composer version 2.x

# Ekstensi PHP yang dibutuhkan:
# Ctype, cURL, DOM, Fileinfo, Filter, Hash, Mbstring,
# OpenSSL, PCRE, PDO, Session, Tokenizer, XML

# Cara 1: Menggunakan Laravel Installer (disarankan)
composer global require laravel/installer

# Buat proyek baru
laravel new my-project

# Cara 2: Menggunakan Composer langsung
composer create-project laravel/laravel my-project

# Masuk ke direktori proyek
cd my-project

# Jalankan development server
php artisan serve
# Laravel development server started: http://127.0.0.1:8000

# Buka browser dan akses http://127.0.0.1:8000
# Selamat! Laravel berhasil dijalankan 🎉

# File: .env (di root proyek Laravel)
# Konfigurasi database

DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=my_laravel_db
DB_USERNAME=root
DB_PASSWORD=

# Untuk development, bisa pakai SQLite (tidak perlu setup):
# DB_CONNECTION=sqlite
# DB_DATABASE=/absolute/path/to/database.sqlite

# APP_KEY akan otomatis di-generate saat instalasi
APP_KEY=base64:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
APP_DEBUG=true
APP_URL=http://localhost:8000

my-project/
├── app/                    ← Kode utama aplikasi
│   ├── Http/
│   │   ├── Controllers/    ← Controller (logika request)
│   │   ├── Middleware/     ← Middleware (filter request)
│   │   └── Requests/      ← Form Request (validasi)
│   ├── Models/             ← Model Eloquent (database)
│   ├── Services/           ← Service classes (logika bisnis)
│   └── Providers/          ← Service Providers
│
├── config/                 ← Konfigurasi aplikasi
│   ├── app.php             ← Konfigurasi umum
│   ├── database.php        ← Konfigurasi database
│   └── auth.php            ← Konfigurasi authentication
│
├── database/
│   ├── migrations/         ← Skema database (versioning)
│   ├── seeders/            ← Data dummy untuk testing
│   └── factories/          ← Factory untuk generate data
│
├── public/                 ← Document root web server
│   ├── index.php           ← Entry point aplikasi
│   └── assets/             ← CSS, JS, images
│
├── resources/
│   ├── views/              ← Template Blade
│   ├── css/                ← Stylesheet source
│   └── js/                 ← JavaScript source
│
├── routes/                 ← Definisi route
│   ├── web.php             ← Route untuk web (session, CSRF)
│   └── api.php             ← Route untuk API (stateless)
│
├── storage/                ← Log, cache, upload file
├── tests/                  ← Unit & Feature tests
├── .env                    ← Environment variables
├── artisan                 ← CLI tool Laravel
└── composer.json           ← Dependencies PHP

<?php
use App\Http\Controllers\HomeController;
use App\Http\Controllers\PostController;
use App\Http\Controllers\UserController;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route;

// Route sederhana — closure
Route::get('/', function () {
    return view('welcome');
});

// Route dengan parameter
Route::get('/halo/{nama}', function (string $nama) {
    return "Halo, $nama!";
});

// Route ke controller (disarankan untuk proyek nyata)
Route::get('/', [HomeController::class, 'index']);
Route::get('/tentang', [HomeController::class, 'tentang']);

// Resource routes — otomatis buat semua CRUD routes!
Route::resource('posts', PostController::class);
// Ini otomatis membuat:
// GET    /posts           → index()
// GET    /posts/create    → create()
// POST   /posts           → store()
// GET    /posts/{post}    → show()
// GET    /posts/{post}/edit → edit()
// PUT    /posts/{post}    → update()
// DELETE /posts/{post}    → destroy()

// Route grouping dengan prefix
Route::prefix('admin')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', [AdminController::class, 'dashboard']);
    Route::get('/users', [AdminController::class, 'users']);
    Route::get('/settings', [AdminController::class, 'settings']);
});
// Hasil: /admin, /admin/users, /admin/settings

// Named routes — memudahkan redirect dan URL generation
Route::get('/profile', [UserController::class, 'profile'])
    ->name('user.profile');

// Menggunakan named route
// redirect()->route('user.profile')
// route('user.profile') → "/profile"

// Route dengan constraint
Route::get('/post/{id}', [PostController::class, 'show'])
    ->where('id', '[0-9]+');  // hanya angka

Route::get('/post/{slug}', [PostController::class, 'showBySlug'])
    ->where('slug', '[a-z0-9\-]+');  // slug format
?>

<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Post;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class PostController extends Controller
{
    // GET /posts — tampilkan semua post
    public function index()
    {
        $posts = Post::latest()->paginate(10);
        return view('posts.index', compact('posts'));
    }

    // GET /posts/create — tampilkan form buat post
    public function create()
    {
        return view('posts.create');
    }

    // POST /posts — simpan post baru
    public function store(Request $request)
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'title'   => 'required|string|max:255',
            'content' => 'required|string',
            'status'  => 'in:draft,published',
        ]);

        $post = Post::create($validated);

        return redirect()->route('posts.show', $post)
            ->with('success', 'Post berhasil dibuat!');
    }

    // GET /posts/{post} — tampilkan satu post
    public function show(Post $post)
    {
        return view('posts.show', compact('post'));
    }

    // GET /posts/{post}/edit — tampilkan form edit
    public function edit(Post $post)
    {
        return view('posts.edit', compact('post'));
    }

    // PUT /posts/{post} — update post
    public function update(Request $request, Post $post)
    {
        $validated = $request->validate([
            'title'   => 'required|string|max:255',
            'content' => 'required|string',
        ]);

        $post->update($validated);

        return redirect()->route('posts.show', $post)
            ->with('success', 'Post berhasil diupdate!');
    }

    // DELETE /posts/{post} — hapus post
    public function destroy(Post $post)
    {
        $post->delete();

        return redirect()->route('posts.index')
            ->with('success', 'Post berhasil dihapus!');
    }
}
?>

<!-- File: resources/views/layouts/main.blade.php -->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="id">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>@yield('title', 'BeebaneLabs')</title>
    @vite(['resources/css/app.css', 'resources/js/app.js'])
</head>
<body>
    <nav class="navbar">
        <a href="/">🏠 Beranda</a>
        <a href="/posts">📝 Artikel</a>
        <a href="/tentang">ℹ️ Tentang</a>
    </nav>

    <main>
        {{-- Flash messages --}}
        @if(session('success'))
            <div class="alert alert-success">
                ✅ {{ session('success') }}
            </div>
        @endif

        @yield('content')
    </main>

    <footer>
        <p>© 2026 BeebaneLabs</p>
    </footer>

    @stack('scripts')
</body>
</html>

<!-- File: resources/views/posts/index.blade.php -->
@extends('layouts.main')

@section('title', 'Daftar Artikel')

@section('content')
<div class="container">
    <h1>📝 Daftar Artikel</h1>

    <a href="{{ route('posts.create') }}" class="btn btn-primary">
        + Tulis Artikel Baru
    </a>

    @forelse($posts as $post)
        <article class="post-card">
            <h2>
                <a href="{{ route('posts.show', $post) }}">
                    {{ $post->title }}
                </a>
            </h2>
            <span class="badge">{{ $post->status }}</span>
            <time>{{ $post->created_at->diffForHumans() }}</time>
            <p>{{ Str::limit($post->content, 200) }}</p>
        </article>
    @empty
        <p>Belum ada artikel.</p>
    @endforelse

    {{ $posts->links() }}
</div>
@endsection

<!-- Component: resources/views/components/alert.blade.php -->
@props(['type' => 'info', 'dismissible' => false])

<div {{ $attributes->merge([
    'class' => "alert alert-{$type}"
]) }}>
    @if($dismissible)
        <button class="close" onclick="this.parentElement.remove()">
            ×
        </button>
    @endif
    {{ $slot }}
</div>

{{-- Menggunakan component --}}
<x-alert type="success" dismissible>
    Data berhasil disimpan! ✅
</x-alert>

<x-alert type="danger">
    Terjadi error! ❌
</x-alert>

{{-- Blade directives lainnya --}}
@if($posts->count() > 0)
    <p>Ada {{ $posts->count() }} artikel</p>
@elseif($posts->count() === 0)
    <p>Belum ada artikel</p>
@endif

{{-- Loop dengan $loop variable --}}
@foreach($posts as $post)
    <p>{{ $loop->iteration }}. {{ $post->title }}
    @if($loop->first) (Artikel Terbaru) @endif
    @if($loop->last) (Artikel Terlama) @endif
    </p>
@endforeach

{{-- Include partial --}}
@include('partials.sidebar', ['categories' => $categories])

# Buat model beserta migration, factory, dan seeder
php artisan make:model Post -mfsc

# -m = migration
# -f = factory
# -s = seeder
# -c = controller

<?php
// database/migrations/xxxx_create_posts_table.php
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;

return new class extends Migration
{
    public function up(): void
    {
        Schema::create('posts', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->id();
            $table->foreignId('user_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
            $table->string('title');
            $table->string('slug')->unique();
            $table->text('content');
            $table->enum('status', ['draft', 'published'])->default('draft');
            $table->string('thumbnail')->nullable();
            $table->timestamps(); // created_at & updated_at
            $table->softDeletes(); // deleted_at (soft delete)
        });
    }

    public function down(): void
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('posts');
    }
};

// Jalankan migration
// php artisan migrate
// php artisan migrate:fresh --seed (reset + seed data)
?>

<?php
namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Factories\HasFactory;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;

class Post extends Model
{
    use HasFactory, SoftDeletes;

    // Kolom yang bisa diisi mass-assignment
    protected $fillable = [
        'user_id', 'title', 'slug', 'content', 'status', 'thumbnail'
    ];

    // Kolom yang otomatis di-cast
    protected $casts = [
        'created_at' => 'datetime',
        'updated_at' => 'datetime',
    ];

    // Auto-generate slug saat membuat post
    protected static function boot()
    {
        parent::boot();

        static::creating(function ($post) {
            $post->slug = Str::slug($post->title) . '-' . Str::random(5);
        });
    }

    // ===== RELATIONSHIPS =====

    // Post belongs to a User
    public function user()
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(User::class);
    }

    // Post has many Comments
    public function comments()
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Comment::class);
    }

    // Post belongs to many Tags (many-to-many)
    public function tags()
    {
        return $this->belongsToMany(Tag::class);
    }

    // ===== SCOPES =====

    // Scope: hanya post yang published
    public function scopePublished($query)
    {
        return $query->where('status', 'published');
    }

    // Scope: cari berdasarkan keyword
    public function scopeSearch($query, $keyword)
    {
        return $query->where('title', 'like', "%{$keyword}%")
                     ->orWhere('content', 'like', "%{$keyword}%");
    }

    // ===== ACCESSORS =====

    // Format tanggal Indonesia
    public function getFormattedDateAttribute(): string
    {
        return $this->created_at->translatedFormat('d F Y');
    }
}
?>

<?php
use App\Models\Post;

// Mengambil semua data
$posts = Post::all();

// Mengambil dengan filter
$published = Post::where('status', 'published')
    ->orderBy('created_at', 'desc')
    ->take(10)
    ->get();

// Menggunakan scope
$posts = Post::published()->search('Laravel')->get();

// Pagination
$posts = Post::published()->paginate(15);

// Mengambil satu data
$post = Post::find(1);                    // by ID
$post = Post::where('slug', $slug)->first(); // by column
$post = Post::findOrFail(1);              // 404 jika tidak ada

// Eager loading (menghindari N+1 problem!)
$posts = Post::with(['user', 'tags', 'comments'])
    ->published()
    ->latest()
    ->paginate(10);

// Membuat data baru
$post = Post::create([
    'title'   => 'Belajar Laravel',
    'content' => 'Laravel adalah framework yang...',
    'status'  => 'published',
    'user_id' => auth()->id(),
]);

// Update data
$post->update(['title' => 'Judul Baru']);

// Delete
$post->delete();             // soft delete (karena pakai SoftDeletes)
$post->forceDelete();        // permanent delete
$post->restore();            // restore soft deleted

// Aggregation
$count = Post::published()->count();
$avg = Post::avg('views');
$max = Post::max('views');
?>

# Buat middleware baru
php artisan make:middleware EnsureIsAdmin
php artisan make:middleware CheckAge

<?php
// app/Http/Middleware/EnsureIsAdmin.php
namespace App\Http\Middleware;

use Closure;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Response;

class EnsureIsAdmin
{
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response
    {
        // Cek apakah user adalah admin
        if (!auth()->check() || auth()->user()->role !== 'admin') {
            abort(403, 'Akses ditolak. Hanya admin yang diizinkan.');
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}

// app/Http/Middleware/CheckAge.php
class CheckAge
{
    public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next, string $minAge): Response
    {
        if ($request->user()->age < (int) $minAge) {
            return redirect('/too-young')
                ->with('error', "Anda harus berusia minimal $minAge tahun.");
        }

        return $next($request);
    }
}
?>

<?php
// routes/web.php — menggunakan middleware pada routes

// Single middleware
Route::get('/admin', [AdminController::class, 'dashboard'])
    ->middleware('auth');

// Multiple middleware
Route::get('/admin/users', [AdminController::class, 'users'])
    ->middleware(['auth', 'admin']);

// Middleware dengan parameter
Route::get('/premium', [PremiumController::class, 'index'])
    ->middleware('age:21');

// Group middleware
Route::middleware(['auth', 'verified'])->group(function () {
    Route::get('/dashboard', [DashboardController::class, 'index']);
    Route::get('/profile', [ProfileController::class, 'edit']);
    Route::put('/profile', [ProfileController::class, 'update']);
});

// Admin group
Route::prefix('admin')
    ->middleware(['auth', 'admin'])
    ->group(function () {
        Route::get('/', [AdminController::class, 'dashboard']);
        Route::resource('posts', AdminPostController::class);
        Route::resource('users', AdminUserController::class);
    });
?>

# ===== GENERATE CODE =====

# Buat controller
php artisan make:controller PostController --resource

# Buat model + migration + factory + seeder
php artisan make:model Post -mfsc

# Buat middleware
php artisan make:middleware EnsureIsAdmin

# Buat form request (validasi terpisah)
php artisan make:request StorePostRequest

# Buat migration
php artisan make:migration create_posts_table

# Buat seeder
php artisan make:seeder PostSeeder

# Buat factory
php artisan make:factory PostFactory

# ===== DATABASE =====

# Jalankan semua migration
php artisan migrate

# Rollback migration terakhir
php artisan migrate:rollback

# Reset dan jalankan ulang semua migration
php artisan migrate:fresh

# Reset, migrate, dan seed
php artisan migrate:fresh --seed

# Jalankan seeder
php artisan db:seed

# ===== ROUTE =====

# Lihat semua route
php artisan route:list

# Lihat route tertentu
php artisan route:list --name=post

# ===== CACHE & OPTIMIZATION =====

# Clear semua cache
php artisan cache:clear
php artisan config:clear
php artisan route:clear
php artisan view:clear

# Cache untuk production
php artisan config:cache
php artisan route:cache
php artisan view:cache

# ===== LAINNYA =====

# Jalankan development server
php artisan serve --port=8080

# Buat symbolic link storage
php artisan storage:link

# List semua artisan commands
php artisan list

# Bantuan untuk command tertentu
php artisan help migrate

<?php
// php artisan make:command SendDailyReport

namespace App\Console\Commands;

use Illuminate\Console\Command;

class SendDailyReport extends Command
{
    protected $signature = 'report:daily {--email= : Email tujuan}';
    protected $description = 'Kirim laporan harian ke email admin';

    public function handle(): int
    {
        $email = $this->option('email') ?? 'admin@beebanelabs.com';

        $this->info("Mengirim laporan harian ke $email...");
        $this->line(""); // empty line
        $this->warn("Pastikan koneksi internet aktif!");

        // Progress bar
        $bar = $this->output->createProgressBar(100);
        $bar->start();

        for ($i = 0; $i < 100; $i++) {
            // Proses data...
            usleep(50000); // simulasi proses
            $bar->advance();
        }

        $bar->finish();
        $this->newLine(2);
        $this->info("✅ Laporan berhasil dikirim ke $email!");

        return Command::SUCCESS; // exit code 0
    }
}

// Jalankan: php artisan report:daily --email=admin@example.com
?>

<?php
// Validasi langsung di controller
public function store(Request $request)
{
    $validated = $request->validate([
        'title'       => 'required|string|max:255|unique:posts,title',
        'content'     => 'required|string|min:50',
        'email'       => 'required|email|unique:users',
        'password'    => 'required|string|min:8|confirmed',
        'age'         => 'required|integer|min:17|max:100',
        'avatar'      => 'nullable|image|mimes:jpg,png|max:2048',
        'website'     => 'nullable|url',
        'tags'        => 'array|min:1',
        'tags.*'      => 'string|exists:tags,id',
    ], [
        // Custom error messages (Bahasa Indonesia)
        'title.required'  => 'Judul wajib diisi!',
        'title.max'       => 'Judul maksimal 255 karakter.',
        'content.min'     => 'Konten minimal 50 karakter.',
        'email.email'     => 'Format email tidak valid.',
        'age.min'         => 'Usia minimal 17 tahun.',
    ]);

    Post::create($validated);
}

// Form Request — validasi terpisah (lebih rapi)
// php artisan make:request StorePostRequest

// app/Http/Requests/StorePostRequest.php
class StorePostRequest extends FormRequest
{
    public function authorize(): bool
    {
        return auth()->check();
    }

    public function rules(): array
    {
        return [
            'title'   => 'required|string|max:255',
            'content' => 'required|string|min:50',
            'status'  => 'in:draft,published',
        ];
    }

    public function messages(): array
    {
        return [
            'title.required' => 'Judul tidak boleh kosong!',
            'content.min'    => 'Tulisan minimal 50 karakter.',
        ];
    }
}

// Menggunakan Form Request di controller
public function store(StorePostRequest $request)
{
    // Data sudah tervalidasi di StorePostRequest
    $post = Post::create($request->validated());

    return redirect()->route('posts.show', $post)
        ->with('success', 'Artikel berhasil dipublikasikan!');
}
?>